For more information, visit DxO. 1. PhotoLab itself should automatically check for updates when run and look for optics modules when you first open a folder with OM-1 image files in it. Since I take most of my photos (DNG) with my iPhone 12 Pro, DXO Photo Lab is useless to me. If there’s an OS hook which PhotoLab can grab to add effective soft proofing, yes, why not. New features in DxO PhotoLab 6 - Introducing DxO Wide Gamut working color space: Harness the potential of the latest printers and monitorsDxO PhotoLab 4 is the latest version of the DxO RAW image editor and file management application. The application just shuts down when I even just go to the Detail tab and click on DeePRIME. Was this article helpful?. The popular suite includes eight separate plug-ins that each have a different purpose, these are: Nik Color Efex, Nik Silver Efex, Nik Analog Efex, Nik Viveza. However, the recent changes to the upgrade policy (limit to 2 version) and now the horrid Black Friday pricing on upgrades has me totally turned off. I purchased DxO Photolab mainly for the DeepPRIME noise reduction technology. 10. Скачать программу DxO PhotoLab Elite 7. DxO Optics Modules are created in our exclusive laboratory, allowing DxO's technicians to target sharpening specifically to where a lens needs it most. I will be comparing the the 3 types ofDeep PR. Imo, DxO should prestissimo add the necessary functionality to make PhotoLab sustainable. 2: Support added for the Nikon Z 6 and the Canon EOS R. I have a Ryzen 2700x CPU and a Nvidia 1060/6gb GPU. I know that ideally I should be manually processing each image, however I found in Lightroom and ON1 that clicking the ‘Auto’ button usually got me 95% the way from the RAW to where I needed. Today I’m facing the issue that my Intel UHD 620 GPU is only partly supported and therefore not used for. 0/b532/x64, Windows 11, CPU processing. Display. DxO PhotoLab 6. . When a file is done you should be able to see your Z7-code instead of your Z9 before you close it with Ctrl+F4. Personally I use DxO PhotoLab 7 as a RAW converter (DPP4 hasn't got a profile for my Sigma lens or for my RX100) with either DeepPrime or DeepPrime XD, either of which give me at least two ISO stops worth of noise reduction over DPP4. DxO PhotoLab adalah software pengedit foto yang difokuskan untuk memproses foto-foto RAW. Maybe it’s not the driver. John7 (John Barrett) May 18, 2022, 6:36am 3. PhotoLab is a RAW editor from DxO, a company famous for its precision testing of optical equipment. The Prime noise reduction is worth a stop of ISO; the latest version is supposed to be even better, but Prime noise reduction only works on RAW images. Was this article helpful? 3 out of 12 found this helpful. DxO PhotoLab で利用できる DxO モジュールとプリセットを使って、最初の画像を簡単かつ自動で編集する方法をご覧ください。. I have suggested adding that module. Uninstall DxO PhotoLab via the Start menu's right-click options or the Windows control panel. Some great features of Nik Collection by DxO: Intel Core (r) 2 or AMD Athlon (TM) 64 X2 or greater (Intel Core (r) I5 or greater recommended) 8GB in RAM (16 GB is recommended) 4GB or more of available hard disk space. 4. It was DxO itself that told me the problem was in AMD’s driver and switching to an really old driver made. - Local adjustments are in palettes, equalizer. This information applies to version (s): All versions. DxO PhotoLab. Last October, DxO announced PhotoLab 5, the latest version of its flagship photo editing application. Sidecars don’t contain the following: Advanced history (PhotoLab versions 4 and 5) Keywords (PhotoLab. DxO PhotoLab 7 Free trial: FilmPack 7 Free trial: h. That brought basic X-Trans support, although a couple of gaps remained in which noise reduction algorithms were available for it. DxO PhotoLab 6 adds the new ReTouch tool that extends the capability of healing and cloning well beyond that of other RAW processing software. Last October, in one article under the title “DxO PhotoLab 6: the silent battle for noise reduction”, I wrote – and showed images – about the noise. It facilitates all image corrections. ”. DxO Labsは、公式サイトで「ブラックフライデー」を開催している。. Like other models in the X-T series, the X-T4 is offered in all-black and silver/black colours. Unfortunately, if the . This information applies to version(s): Last version. DxO Nik Collection 5 is the latest evolution of one the photo editing world’s longest running and best respected plug-in suites. 4. Take your photos even further with premium technical and creative tools that slot in seamlessly. DxO FilmPack integrates seamlessly into DxO PhotoLab and can work with RAW Files of supported cameras. 99 for. 99 USD currently and will be $199. Total time to export took 62secs. Upgrading from PhotoLab 3 or 4 costs $54. DxO PhotoLab 7 works with a huge range of camera and lens combinations from all popular manufacturers including Canon, Nikon, Sony, Pentax, Leica, Panasonic, Olympus, Hasselblad, and more. Plus if you do low light, high ISO stuff, DxO Prime Noise Reduction within Photolab is one of the best noise reduction tools available. Hello, I had some questions about the workflow of Photolab 3 and topaz plugins together. The feature is available from within PhotoLab 6 but you need a Viewpoint 4 license to unhide it. And proceed. An everyday simple editor/organizer and something like DxO when shooting raw would be OK. Re Lightroom, both C1 which I use and DXO PhotoLab, which is new out and I am trying for fun but do not own, are very good. DxO PhotoLab will work with RAW files taken with an unsupported lens (as long it supports the camera). DXO Photolab Elite is very like LR whilst ON1 is a combination of LR and limited PS capability. 2. 2 months ago. Thanks to our laboratory measurements, DxO PhotoLab includes unrivaled denoising tools. The DxO PhotoLab dance card is overfull already. Major Enhancements in IMatch 2020: Face. For us to be able to see the image in a RAW file, we need something called Color Rendering. DxO ViewPoint 4: regular price $99/£89. I thought I’d give it time to test multiple use cases with challenging images before writing my DxO PhotoLab 7 Review and seeing how the new release stacks up against the competition. The pure magic of PhotoLab 5. Umm, you have already commented on this, in response to @Rob ’s post here: Background and Object removal Windows topics. Supported GPUs. dop files (DxO edits) contain virtual. The refined user interface is very accessible and has a relatively shallow learning curve. . DxO could decide to unlock all its Viewpoint and FilmPack features without the need to purchase additional licenses but in that event the cost of PhotoLab Elite would increase significantly. PhotoLab 7 introduces DxO's work on color. I recently bought DxO PhotoLab, am I eligible for a free upgrade or anything else? Why is my upgrade price the same as the new license pricing? If I buy DxO PhotoLab, can I get a special price for the purchase of other DxO products? How do I activate trial versions of DxO software? I tried a DxO PhotoLab demo and it has expired. I was wondering if anyone had experience with this, as I’ve noticed a few quirks. Discover the latest DxO PhotoLab 7 review, showcasing Essential and Elite features. While this support is currently in beta, it finally brings the software to Fujifilm X. Shoppers saved an average of $20. jpg files). 1. Posted March 16. I’m incredibly disappointed with the DxO team. Find the perfect companionsfor DxO PhotoLab 7. PhotoLab 7 is available now as a free upgrade for existing PhotoLab 7 users. Uninstall DxO PhotoLab via the Start menu's right-click options or the Windows control panel. DxO ClearView Plus is the perfect tool to deal with light obscuration. The first version of DxO PhotoLab was introduced at the end of 2017, and it has quietly won over plenty of amateurs and pros looking for a viable alternative to a Photoshop/Lightroom subscription. 0. DxO PhotoLab 7 introduces: A new color calibration tool based on industry-standard color checker charts, LUT (Look Up Table) support, an improved Black and White workflow, a new Local Adjustments palette featuring additional HSL Colorwheel and an improved mask display, and much more. DxO PhotoLab adalah software pengedit foto yang difokuskan untuk memproses foto-foto RAW. Adobe LR is a little brighter and so is FastRawViewer. Browse by. JoPoV September 29, 2023, 8:40pm 6. Create Now. It gives the best of both worlds – raw files with all the dynamic range and color control you need in a raw file – but with noise control, detail rendition and lens corrections. Hi, as the processing speed of DeepPrime XD is even slower than DeepPrime (which I technically understand), I’m thinking of a replacement for my laptop computer. Not only does the latter look unnatural,. DxO PhotoLab 7 - the most advanced, end-to-end, RAW photo editing software. Vintage effects, aged photos, improbable tints: give a unique style to your photos. Both have excellent lab test-based lens correction and AI NR tools, much superior to those in Adobe products. DxOPL is a Raw developers application. A few tools have been added. Unauthorized request. I started noticing that some of my RAW images processed via DxO PhotoLab 6 Elite has a purple overlay and/or purple chromatic aberration on darker subjects (like ravens/crows). New features in DxO PhotoLab 7 - New calibrated profiles introduced: Using standard control charts, you can create your own calibrated color profiles in PhotoLab to produce scientifically accurate colors. From start to finish, follow along as Dan Hughes takes an image from DxO PhotoLab 4 into Nik Collection 4. The whole selling point of DxO PL for me was the perpetual license. Related articles. Unrivaled lens corrections for superior sharpness 2. Save BIG w/ (38) DxO verified discount codes & storewide coupon codes. You can find out details and where to register in the press release. 8 and later, Serif Affinity 2. 3 . The readme files for the last several releases of the Arc drivers seem. 3 Essential Edition: $139 DxO PhotoLab 6. The application of a LUT file must be done upstream of the workflow in the Customize tab. Searching EXIF data field names. دانلود نرم افزار دی ایکس او فتولب / DxO PhotoLab 7. Create the panorama and Save. Get the maximum detail from your gear thanks to DxO’s renowned lens and camera profiles, automatically correcting any distortion, vignetting, and chromatic aberrations. but at some point it’s like I need some other software for all things. You asked this same question back in Feb of 2021 (PL4). DxO ClearView Plus enabled. The main strength that DxO flaunts is its approach to RAW file processing. 99 for Essential and $79. I’m getting to grips with PL 6 Elite and I’m enjoying using it. Introducing DxO PhotoLab 7; Getting started with DxO PhotoLab; Installation and activation; Configuration; Compatible file formats; DxO Optics Modules; Interface. DxO PhotoLab Windows topics. The odd 1% is when I shoot raw files on an old Fuji S5 - that combination isn. How to export to Affinity Photo 2? DeepPRIME* and DeepPRIME XD* hardware acceleration further information. The shape and size of the grain, for instance, are taken from the original films, so simulations are much more realistic than with Nik Collection. Now I know the camera will apply processing to Jpeg images when captured, so compared to RAW the. g. K. Nevertheless since I have only used it a few days I haven't seen if it is worth having both of these applications. These latest updates are available now for users of DxO PhotoLab and DxO PureRAW as well as for DxO FilmPack, DxO ViewPoint, and Nik Perspective Efex as part of the Nik Collection. it prevents PhotoLab from transferring data on and off the drive all the time Note: manual r/w reduces drive wear and slightly improves performance on low end hardware; Sidecars don’t cover all info that is stored in the database. Per purchase, “You can activate your DxO PhotoLab ELITE software on 3 computers as long as it is never run. Install software using given installer (in Setup folder) Close program if running (Even from system tray) Extract “Crack. John7 (John Barrett) May 25, 2023, 6:20am 19. Logs files generated by Photolab 2. It’s not insignificant. After selecting one or several images, the print module can be called by selecting File > Print selected images from the menus. DxO black friday sales, promo codes, coupons & deals, November 2023. Summary. 1 update. To check system requirements for this software directly from this article, please click on this link. Upgrade: $/€79 – £69. During the past four versions of PhotoLab, I’ve had questions that related to the use of PhotoLab, but which could easily be called off-topic. DxO Windows commands for manipulating the window (Restore, Minimize, Move, Close, etc. mrcrustacean (Patrick Cray (Nikon & Win11)) May 29, 2023, 7:37pm #9. For example, the FP32 score of the. DxO PhotoLab cung cấp một bộ chỉnh sửa được hỗ trợ thông minh hoàn chỉnh mà bạn có thể tinh chỉnh. 1024×1536 70. He illustrated how he was able to search photos based on EXIF data. U Point™ technology features Control Points and Control Lines for intelligent masks without the need for complex layers. 4. You can get a 38% OFF discount and save a lot of money. DxO PhotoLab subtly retains highlights, while preventing clipping, and even recovers certain details from areas that have already been clipped. Clearly, if the raw pixel is “black” or “blown”, any HDR is using artistic license to add light to “black” or to add data to “blown”, although the result may well be aesthetically and/or client pleasing. 3. Лечение: UZ1 Параметры командной строки: Тихая установка: /SDxO Optics Modules. , when I set the older DeepPRIME algorithm. I would be interested in switching to a Mac Mini with M1 processor (I prefer MacOS, and I. The images appear in and open with Photoshop. Here’s a run-through of how PhotoLab control points work, and how and when to use the new chroma and luma sliders. For instance, I use the "white" slider a lot on LR and can't seem to find it on DXO. 3 ELITE Edition €219 / 23,900 円 / £199 / $219. So I will use about every existing metadatas and keywords for indexing. DxO PureRAW is a utility that runs your raw camera files through DxO’s state-of-the-art image optimizations so that you start photo-editing sessions with better images. This fantastic discount will run until 31 August, giving photo editing enthusiasts. Adobe’s profiles. New features are mighty impressive and I am amazed how well they focus on “average consumer” user experience design for such a highly complex product (which DAM is period). I swapped over to DxO last year after updating my camera. DxO Standard is the default workspace in DxO PhotoLab, selecting this from the "Workspace" main menu will revert to DxO PhotoLab default. This image needs some help. It is a good new that DxO is still investing in advanced R&D and is preparing amazing new features for DPL… About the wish list, I am going to add another AI implementation: #6 AI sensor’s dust removal Removing one by one every dust on my pictures is probably the most tedious. All our products are printed and assembled in Canada with the highest level of quality. It analyzes your image and then recovers lost contrast and detail. DxO PhotoLab Feature requests. DxO FilmPack v7. 5. 899×762 52. New guy here with my first post. 6. However, some automated corrections based on camera calibration or image analysis (such as Smart Lighting or Noise. 2. The MPEG group claims that twice as much information can be stored in a HEIF image than in a JPEG image of the same size,. New customers can download Windows and macOS versions exclusively from the DxO website at the prices listed below, a 30. DxO PhotoLab Color Rendering. Produce RAW and JPEG images with the best image quality, effortlessly: DxO PhotoLab provides a complete set of smart assisted corrections that you can manually fine-tune at any time. I'd be very happy if they added the other lower cost primes, like the pancakes (18mm, 27mm), and the other XC lenses, especially the 50-230mm zoom. PhotoLab 7 is also an overhaul of Local Adjustments. I asked how to view two sepatate images at the same time and was told you cannot do it in PhotLab. 99 for Essential and $79. PhotoLab 2 Essential is $99. This i. DxO PhotoLab 4 is compatible with Windows 8. It is compatible with Lightroom, Photoshop, Affinity Photo, Capture One, or DxO's own PhotoLab 6 RAW editing software and works with the non-destructive workflow of those applications. Aspects like asset management and search, database maintenance, printing, reliability and more lag behind Lightroom’s capabilities by years imo. Download Links. PhotoLab’s RAW tools are so much better than Affinity Photo (although v2 seems better) that the RAW development should definitely be done ahead of time in PhotoLab. Just wondering whether PL users have a preferred focus stacking software package, with maximum potential for post-stacking processing and ease of transition out. DXO labs recently added Fujifilm support to PhotoLab 5, the companies Raw processing application. etc. Learn more. My favourite RAW processor, PhotoLab 7 has been with us for a few weeks now. Restart PhotoLab and now you can select the OpenCL. Within PL7 you can keep working with a raw-file as long you don’t export to tif or jpg, while FP7 standalone. Both will reduce noise, increase clarity and purify results from your camera’s sensor, but the newer DeepPRIME XD mode uses an even more intensive. If it is a weakness of PhotoLab then the SQLite database is also a weakness of Lightroom, Capture One, Photo Mechanic Plus, Photo Supreme, Zoner, ExifPro, IMatch, XnView and XnViewMp etc. • 30 day trials are available for each product and bundle deals are available. 7. The additional purchase of Filmpack 7 costs 139 euros. The new update delivers all the same great editing tools users have come to expect, including easy-to-use. Both editions of DxO PhotoLab (ESSENTIAL and ELITE) support RAW files from the same list of camera equipment. 0. Discover the latest DxO PhotoLab 7 review, showcasing Essential and Elite features. One thing I’m wondering a little about is why you can’t offer a possibility to open and process images where there isn’t any profiles available yet. • 30 day trials are available for each product and bundle deals are available. Upgrade versions are also available to. General interface; Workspaces; Managing palettes ; Filtering and searching for corrections; Copying and pasting corrections; Viewing your photos; Manage images and metadata in the. This is the key to make it work: " Go to the menu and choose Image –> Adjustments –> Channel Mixer…. Defeat distortions in an instant. The OP joined a day ago and has posted just once with the clear intent of bashing DXO. 7 KB. DxO’s flagship software, DxO PhotoLab 6 ELITE, receives a discount of more than 30%, bringing the price for a new license from $219 to $149. What I Like About DxO PhotoLab 6. Supercharge all your cameras and lenses. How to export to Affinity Photo 2? DeepPRIME* and DeepPRIME XD* hardware acceleration further information. Essentially, the software automatically performs nearly all of the corrections mentioned above, leaving you to just fine-tune or adapt the results to your taste. Learn more → DxO PureRAW 3. Question about computer speed. Photographers can now simulate the ink and paper when soft proofing and benefit from the new DxO Wide Gamut options when editing JPEG and TIFF files in DxO PhotoLab 6. 0 (apart from Nik Perspective, which is not compatible Wide-angle lens photography Automatically correct lens distortions, vignetting, and chromatic aberrations and make your wide-angle photography cleaner and sharper. DxO PhotoLab Windows topics. There are 3 articles under the heading Menus & Key Shortcuts. Crack DxO, the maker of PhotoLab 6, is a French company with a true history of developing first-class software for the photography industry. There are eight plug-ins in total, and while some are designed for image correction, others are for creative effects. DxO PhotoLab Windows. (secondmask) Touch up second mask. Photo editing made simple Use DxO PureRAW before your usual editing software and convert your RAW files into DNG files in just a few clicks—all without sliders or complex adjustments. DxO ClearView Plus enabled. 18 w/ DxO discount codes, 25% off vouchers, free shipping deals. DxO ViewPoint 4: regular price $99/£89. To disable automatic saving and reading, uncheck Automatically export image settings to a settings file as well as Automatically import settings from an image’s settings file if it exists. . For those who are on macOS, there’s an even easier solution to make batch changes to a set of photos to allow PhotoLab 5 to edit Z9 files as Z7 II files. DxO PhotoLab 4 continues to add the latest cameras to the list of equipment it supports. The original had something along these lines (totally invented for this example). Like most Digital Asset Management (DAM) apps. MSRP $129. Microsoft (r) Windows (r) 8. And finally, my computer’s processor had the most work to do with the new DeepPRIME XD. 0. DxO PhotoLab. Learn more → DxO FilmPack 7. There are two levels of DeepPRIME processing available in DxO PhotoLab 7 and DxO PureRAW 3: DeepPRIME and DeepPRIME XD (which stands for eXtra Details). I can open it, and then open the files to do final tweaks, but am thinking of upgrading. Phossy (Michael Harrison) December 12, 2021, 4:01pm #1. I am not able to use neither of the DeepPRIME options in my Photolab 6 now. The feel of using that pencil just on the photo itself is so good. When all these corrections are made, you can then create a partial preset that you save in the preset editor. After introducing and improving DxO PhotoLibrary, an image and data management system that lets users search for, select,. See Details. DxO PhotoLab 5. 4. 1 (64-bit), Microsoft (r) Windows (r) 10 (64-bit and is supported by. DxO PhotoLab offers you an integrated workflow with Lightroom Classic (version 3. Once you do that a window will open that will allow you to name that specific preset. 1. exe as the editor for the selection. DxO PhotoLab 7 Free trial: grading. DxO has launched DxO PhotoLab 3, the latest version of the company's photo editing software. I have just checked the DxO website and it shows Photolab 6 will support Nikon Z8 files from July 2023. MetaImage also works to change iPhone 11 Pro DNG photos to iPhone X designation and edit them. 00. When DXO refuses to allow DNG and you use a phone what else di you use unless you manage to hack the DNG you have to either use a another program or jpeg. if money is tight, there's nothing wrong with grabbing LR at $10/mo (that's $120 per year if you pay monthly) or explore free alternatives until you can afford DxO or anything. As long as you have the latest version of PhotoLab installed, and are keeping it up-to-date, optics modules for OM-1 and its lenses will be available as soon as they are released. DxO PhotoLab 6. lic” file to C:ProgramDataDxO Labs. PhotoLab 7 comes in Essential and Elite editions. DxO PhotoLab includes unique features such as DxO Optics Modules that enable unparalleled lens corrections, and DxO DeepPRIME, the groundbreaking RAW. Thousands of combinations of top-notch photo effects, filters & face montages to garnish your photos. Learn more . DxO FilmPack provides you with many original creative presets: up to 39 color and black & white Designer presets are available. Unlike the generic profiles used in other RAW converters, our lens modules are designed in laboratory conditions using an extremely precise, rigorous process specific to each lens and camera combination. This menu item is accessible only from the "Customize" tab. Once unhidden, you can access this feature using the Orientation sub menu of the Image menu or by using the mouse context menu and selecting Orientation. Built for utmost quality and utility, DxO PhotoLab is the multi-award-winning RAW editing and workflow software for exacting photographers. The same applies to printing. It offers automatic corrections for optical aberrations and image distortions for popular camera-lens combinations, as well as a range of other tools. I have a Sapphire Radeon RX580 and and AMD Ryzen. DXO PhotoLab version 6. , . Glad that the 100-400 is going to be added soon. The eight Nik apps—Analog Efex Pro, Color Efex Pro, Dfine, HDR Efex Pro, Perspective Efex, Silver Efex Pro, Sharpener Pro, and Viveza—provide editing tools that aren't available in Raw workflow suites. 1. DxO PhotoLab 7 Elite: regular price $229/£209. Discover what's new in version 7 of PhotoLab, the best RAW processing software. While other companies engage in a battle claiming their noise reduction tools are the best, DxO quietly continues to perfect its DeepPRIME denoising technology, now enhanced to a XD version. A photography software review of DxO PhotoLab, which adds Control Points. e more accurate Control Points. DxO works tirelessly to help creative photographers achieve the ultimate image quality from their gear. File New project creates a new DxO PhotoLab project. in the response, Marie indicates there may be, in fact support for additional lens, as well. Lightroom vs. In October 2021, that finally started to change with the introduction of DxO's PhotoLab 5. DeepPRIME XD: Another level. But many edits are possible in PS that are impossible, or very clumsy, in PL. How will the 'DxO wide gamut' introduced in DxO PhotoLab 6 handle any images I edited in earlier versions of the. Capture NXD and Rawdigger are the closest to. I shoot primarily landscape. com. 1. I know I can’t live without them and use many of those features on a regular basis. Fuji and Z9 users now have full RAW-processing capability, with PhotoLab 6, and can. After that you should be able to open the files in Photolab without any problems. . As of August 2021, Photo Mechanic 5 and 6 (both tested) have no issues opening up specific one by one in Photolab 3 and 4 (both tested). Find the perfect companionsfor DxO PhotoLab 7. This information applies to version(s): (4, 5), 6. F. DxO PhotoLab deserves a place in every serious shooter's digital photography toolbox, though we wish it had stronger workflow features. I took this shot during a still life session at our club photo yesterday evening…. joerg2019 (Joerg) October 7, 2022, 9:44am #1. Checking out the “New Features” in the 6. PhotoLab’s RAW tools are so much better than Affinity Photo (although v2 seems better) that the RAW development should definitely be done ahead of time in PhotoLab. There’s an awesome array of tools including ReTouch, ClearView Plus and Smart Lighting to enhance your images,. This delivers all the information we need to correct images for vignetting, distortion, chromatic aberration, and lens. If I have one criticism of DxO Photolab 7, it is that the improvements to the Local Adjustments features – i. wildlifephoto: My understanding of the PL series is that it is not backward compatible, so I must make a fresh subdirectory in which to put the NEF files that I wish to test. • DxO PhotoLab 5, 6 • Adobe® Photoshop® 2021, 2022, 2023 DxO PhotoLab 6. Thanks, perfect! Now I’m wondering where the problem might be. DxO Black Friday Deals. DxO PhotoLab. If you love DxO’s raw processing but don’t want to swap your existing editing software and workflow, DxO PureRAW is the answer. Find out how DxO creates their Optics Modules for correcting the flaws in your cameras and lenses. Advanced color science and powerful creative. DxO Photo Lab 6 uses a comprehensive collection of optics modules to quickly and effectively counteract lens artefacts such as distortion, vignetting and chromatic aberration (colour fringing). From Serif Affinity Photo 1.